A 40 year old man is referred by his primary care practitioner after his hemoglobin level is found to be 9 g/dl. He had originally presented with lightheadedness and fatigue.

Further questioning reveals a history of intermittent episodes of hemoptysis for the last 4 to 5 weeks.

His medical history is significant for successfully treated pulmonary tuberculosis 6 years ago. No other comorbidities are present, and he has never smoked.