A 31-year-old woman presents with dysuria, urgency, frequency, discomfort in the suprapubic region, and lower back pain for three days. There is no history of fever, vaginal discharge, vulval pain or pruritus, or dyspareunia.

Her medical, surgical and family histories are unremarkable, and she is not on any medications. Her menstrual cycles are regular and 29 days in length. Her last menstrual period was five days ago.

She has been married for five years, without children. She is currently on the combined oral contraceptive pill. There is no history of multiple sexual partners or intravenous drug abuse.